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- TECHNOLOGY, Page 59Could They Hit Air Force One?
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- The President's plane is well guarded by electronic gear
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- A heat-seeking surface-to-air missile hurtles skyward faster
- than the speed of sound. In a matter of seconds, it can zero
- in on a plane, blasting it from the sky in a sickening burst
- of flame and smoke. Moreover, such missiles are all too
- available to terrorist groups and criminals around the world.
- Last week intelligence reports indicated that the Colombian
- cocaine cartels may be stockpiling just such antiaircraft
- devices. The fear is that the drug lords could use them to mount
- an attack on President George Bush when he flies into the
- Colombian city of Cartagena for a four-nation antidrug summit
- starting Feb. 15.
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- Could the President's plane be shot down? Military experts
- say the chances of a guerrilla group mounting a successful air
- attack on Air Force One are extremely small. Although the exact
- nature of the plane's defenses is top secret, they are known
- to be formidable. Not only can the President's Boeing 707 be
- protected by a full complement of military fighter jets but the
- plane is also loaded with sophisticated electronic safeguards.
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- The heart of the defense rests in a collection of
- computerized equipment mounted in the 707's cockpit. There, at
- a console packed with indicator lights and video monitors, a
- specially trained electronics war officer can monitor the
- airspace around Air Force One. Should danger be indicated, he
- can unleash several electronic countermeasures, including radar
- jammers, fine-tuned infrared flares and billowing clouds of
- metallic chaff.
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- The most serious threat comes from surface-to-air missiles
- (SAMs) launched either just before the President's plane lands
- or just after it takes off. Although the Colombian drug cartels
- have apparently never used such weapons before -- and there is
- still no hard evidence that they have acquired them -- there
- are certainly plenty of SAMs, primarily U.S.-made Stingers and
- Soviet-built SA-7 Grails, available through illegal channels.
- Both are portable, shoulder-mounted rockets that use tiny
- infrared sensors to home in on the heat generated by a jet
- engine.
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- The standard defense against a heat-seeking missile is to
- divert it with another heat source, typically a flare that
- emits a broad range of infrared radiation. The missile, drawn
- by the heat of the flare, follows it and not the plane. But
- modern SAMs are equipped with filters that can cancel out
- radiation from a simple flare. Air Force One is believed to
- carry flares that burn brighter and longer in the infrared
- frequencies that the SAMs' sensors follow.
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- But not all missiles are heat seekers. Air Force One must
- also be protected against radar-directed air-to-air missiles,
- like the French-built R-530s that Colombian air force jets are
- known to carry. These rockets spot their prey with radar beams
- and follow the echoes toward the target. One way to divert a
- missile flying along a radar beam is to fire off a burst of
- metallic chaff particles. They cause the missile's radar
- guidance system to go haywire amid a blizzard of electronic
- gibberish.
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- A more artful way to avoid an incoming missile is to deceive
- it with false or misleading radar signals. Air Force One is
- equipped with a variety of sophisticated jamming equipment
- designed to do just that. One widely used technique: delaying
- the echoes of incoming radar pulses, thus fooling the attacker
- into calculating that its target is farther away than it really
- is. Alternatively, the target plane may generate dozens of
- false radar echoes, each aimed slightly differently, creating
- the impression of a whole squadron of planes arrayed at various
- intervals across the sky.
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- Clever as these tricks may be, the equipment in Air Force
- One is primitive compared with what is being installed in the
- jumbo jet scheduled to start transporting the President in
- October. That $325 million "flying Taj Mahal," a specially
- modified Boeing 747, bristles with so much computerized
- hardware that it needs 57 antennas and 238 miles of wire to
- support its electronics. Says an official involved in its
- construction: "We put every last piece of modern gimmickry in
- that plane."
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- Determined to protect its Commander in Chief from all
- threats, the Air Force included features that would enable his
- plane to survive an atomic attack, as long as a bomb did not
- explode too close by. Rather than use silicon computer chips
- and copper wire, which can melt down in the electromagnetic
- pulse that follows a nuclear blast, the designers are loading
- up the new 747 with pulse-resistant fiber-optic cable and
- gallium arsenide chips. Barring a direct hit from an H-bomb,
- the new plane should enable the President to fly anywhere in
- unprecedented safety and comfort.
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- By Philip Elmer-DeWitt. Reported by Bruce van Voorst/Washington.
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